美国约翰斯·霍普金斯大学发布的疫情数据显示,截至北京时间7月8日19时34分,美国新冠肺炎确诊病例达到2,996,098例,死亡病例达131,480例。美国疫情依然严峻,感染人数持续增加。
由于新冠肺炎大流行,包括哈佛大学在内的美国各地大学都选择了网络授课,然而7月6日美国移民和海关执法局发布的一项新规规定,“留学生不能在美国只上网课”,使留学生处境更加艰难,也使留学生今年赴美国高校求学的不确定性陡增。根据美国福布斯新闻网(Forbes)报道,美国移民和海关执法局在周一宣布,2020年秋季学期,留学生签证发放与今年秋季美国各高校的上课模式挂钩。目前,美国各高校的上课模式分为三大模式:“全部只上网课”、“全面线下授课”和“线上线下结合”。
The United States said Monday international students may have to leave the country if their universities switch to online-only courses for the 2020 fall semester due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Otherwise, they will risk violating their visa status.U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
新规明确规定,非移民、持有F1或者M1签证的学生,如果就读学校仅开设网络课程,那么该学生必须离开美国,否则可能会被强制遣送离境;如果所就读的学校提供线下授课,根据现有联邦规定,持有F1签证的学生最多只能上一门网课(或者三个学分);如果学校采用的是线上线下结合模式,持有F1签证学生可选多于一门网课(或者三个学分),但是学生也必须选修线下授课课程。"Nonimmigrant F-1 and M-1 students attending schools operating entirely online may not take a full online course load and remain in the United States," ICE said in a statement."Active students currently in the United States enrolled in such programs must depart the country or take other measures, such as transferring to a school with in-person instruction to remain in lawful status," ICE said.If not, they may face immigration consequences including, but not limited to, the initiation of removal proceedings, the statement further read.也就是说,若留学生仍想2020年秋季在美国上学,必须要到有线下授课的学校上课而不能选择只上网课,否则就不能继续留在美国,也不能合法进入美国。尽管新规规定,留学生可以转到符合条件的新学校以此保持合法身份,但许多学生表示,在新冠疫情期间转学是件很困难的事情。 Though the new rule states that students can transfer to a new school to remain in lawful status, many say this is not a viable option.这项禁令的出台也引来了极大争议,留学生表示真的太难了,更有网友做了图来解释他们到底有多难。 The White House measure, announced on Monday, was seen as an effort to pressure universities into reopening their gates and abandoning the cautious approaches that many have announced they would adopt to reduce Covid-19 transmission.
除此以外,这项禁令也被视为特朗普向美国各高校施压的手段之一,迫使美国各高校做出艰难的选择——是冒着病毒进一步传播的风险,在新冠肺炎疫情期间重新开学还是冒着失去国际学生的风险,继续关闭学校。不少人猜测,美国移民局在周一新颁发的这份文件与特朗普正在为11月的连任竞选造势有关,尽管美国新冠疫情严重,但是他对重启美国经济持有乐观的态度,他在新冠病毒疫情大流行的情况下一直致力于重启美国经济,期望美国可以尽快地恢复到正常轨道中,来为他赢得连任。President Donald Trump, who is campaigning for reelection in November, has taken a bullish approach to reopening the country even as virus infections continue to spike in parts of the country, particularly the south and west.不出所料,就在美国移民局发布最新禁令后不久,特朗普总统就试图将关闭学校问题变成选举问题。他在推特上声称,民主党人希望学校关闭是“出于政治原因,而不是健康原因”,目的在于借此帮助他们赢得秋季的选举。此外,特朗普还点名批评了已经宣布2020年秋季学期全部采取网络授课的哈佛大学:“我认为这很荒谬,这完全是为了校方自己方便,并且我认为他们应该为自己感到羞耻。”新规意味着,严重依赖国际学生学费收入的大学将面临巨大的财政压力,并且不得不在严重的疫情期间开设线下授课。The new rules mean that universities that rely heavily on tuition revenue from international students will face tremendous financial pressure and have to offer offline courses during severe epidemics.对此,加州大学校长、奥巴马总统时期的国土安全部长珍妮特·纳波利塔诺(Janet Napolitano)称这一新政使得美国大学当前境地雪上加霜,原本在疫情期间就已经遭受财政损失的学校不得不再次削减预算。她还表示,大学不需要任何额外的压力促使它们重新开放,因为大多数学校都希望尽快恢复往日校园生活。
In response, Janet Napolitano, president of the University of California and a former Homeland Security secretary under President Obama, said the new rule caused schools that had suffered financial losses during the epidemic to cut budgets again. She added that universities did not need any additional pressure to reopen because they want to resume their former campus life as soon as possible.
“我无法想象这些额外的压力和焦虑压在这些学生的肩膀上。他只会使事情变得更糟。”
“就在你认为特朗普无法做出更加错误的决定的时候(他再次做出了错误的决定)。”
宾夕法尼亚大学对新禁令表示失望,美国政府应该尽其所能欢迎国际学生来到美国,并在这场具有挑战性的大流行病中与各大高校合作,而不是为了政治原因,把学生们当作筹码,在严重疫情下再次制造混乱。
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